In this new model, space itself is the fundamental clock.  In this model, all of “empty” space is high-energy space-time particles (STP’s), each with the same identical particle energy EP, oscillating synchronously at frequency FP, and each occupying a space with size SP.  This is like the particles in an ordinary material near absolute zero.  In this model, the space outside the universe really is at absolute zero, with all the particles having no energy other than the all-identical energies of their perpetual quantum oscillations.  The universe is an ever-expanding region with temperature slightly above absolute zero, containing a fixed quantity of excess energy.  To the universe, this excess energy is what the slight amount of thermal energy is to an ordinary material near absolute zero.  This excess energy of the universe is the ordinary mass, ordinary energy, and “dark matter” of the universe.