STP & Gravity

Some Important Quantities:

Planck Constant            h          4.1E–15 eV second

Planck Length               LP         1.6E–35 meter

Planck Time                  TP         5.4E–44 second

Planck Frequency          FP         1.8E43 oscillations/second

Planck Energy               EP         1.2E28 eV

Planck Velocity              VP         3E8 meter/second = LP/tP

Total Free-Energy of Universe (accessible energy, ordinary matter + dark matter)                        1.5E88 eV

Total Bound-Energy of Universe (energy tied up as rest-energy of STP’s)                         6E212 eV

Gravity

Two major candidates for a Theory of Everything (TOE) to describe the universe we live in are “Relativity” and “Quantum Chromodynamics”.  Another potential candidate is the “Space-Time Particle” (STP) theory.  The STP theory is a quantum model, in which all of space is an infinite array of high-energy quantum space-time particles, STP’s.  All have the same rest energy (perpetual quantum-oscillation energy).  They have zero thermal energy.  They are all oscillating synchronously, with wave-functions overlapping, similar to the particles in a Bose-Einstein condensate at absolute zero.  In this model, the universe is a region of finite but ever-expanding size containing a finite and constant quantity of excess energy, i.e. energy in addition to the rest energy of the STP’s.

Relativity theory does a good job of mathematically describing macroscopic gravitational interactions, but is unable to account for the microscopic effects which are so well described by quantum theory.  Quantum theory does an excellent job of describing these microscopic phenomena, but is unable to describe gravitational effects.  Neither theory is able to describe things at very high gravitational fields, such as those of black holes.  Relativity theory cannot be called a TOE because it cannot explain the quantization of energy, as well as many other phenomena.  Quantum chromodynamics cannot be called a TOE because it cannot explain gravity.  The STP theory is able to describe all these phenomena, potentially qualifying as a TOE.

In order to understand why relativity theory is incompatible with quantum theory, and why the STP model is compatible, we need to look at some of the essential differences.  One important difference is in the measurement of time.  In relativity theory, there is no such thing as an absolute unit of time.  In relativity theory, the time interval used to measure anything (such as the velocity of light or the velocity of any material object) is the “second” as measured by a local clock.  But in the real world, the length of one “second” is variable and changes from one reference frame to another, with the “second” becoming longer as velocity is increased and as gravity is increased.  Relativity math uses “time dilation” to incorporate this change in the length of the second.  This means that the velocity of light, “c”, (which relativity math treats as an absolute constant) also changes from one reference frame to another, if measured by a fixed unit of time.  Since “energy” also is time-dependent, questions can be raised about the meaning of “conservation of energy” with relativistic time dilation.

In the STP model there is an absolute unit of time.  This is the “Particle Time”, “TP”, the time period of one STP oscillation, the time period of energy transfer from one STP to another.  The thing which changes from one reference frame to another is the number of TP’s in each second.  The actual number of TP’s in each second, for any given reference frame, can be calculated by using the time-dilation equations of relativity theory to calculate how much longer the second is in that frame (how many more TP’s there are in each second in that frame) compared to a reference frame which is stationary relative to the universe, and is outside the gravitational fields of the earth, sun, galaxy, etc.  The stationary, zero-G, frame has the smallest number of TP’s per second because velocity and gravity make clocks tick more slowly, increasing the number of TP’s in each tick of the clock.

All clocks have a tick-rate determined by a mass, or some photons, repeatedly traveling a path with a fixed macroscopic length.  But all mass and photons are ultimately composed of neutrinos and antineutrinos.  A higher gravitational field always makes them (and hence the mass and photons they comprise) take a longer time to travel that path.  Therefore they always have an increase in absolute time between ticks when the strength of the G-field is increased.  This is why all clock-tick rates slow down as the G-field is increased.

Fig. 1.  Length of Second increased by Velocity and/or Gravity

Relativity theory says there is no such thing as an absolute stationary reference frame for space or time or velocity or acceleration, that everything is purely relative.  But there is a real Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) relative to which all motions can be measured.  The CMB appears to be stationary relative to all the rest of the universe, so it can serve as an absolute, stationary, reference frame.  Even without using the CMB as a reference frame, any one chosen reference frame can be used as an absolute frame simply by converting all measurements made in other frames to the units of that chosen frame.

An important difference between relativity and STP theory is how gravity is treated in each.  In relativity, gravity is a mathematically defined, mechanistically undefined, “curvature of space”, with this curvature being produced by every form of energy, whether ordinary matter, dark matter, or dark energy.  In relativity, every form of energy, whether ordinary matter, dark matter, or dark energy, creates this same curvature and responds to this curvature in the same way.  But relativity says nothing about what it is that is being curved.

Fig. 2.  BFP’s Generated by 3 Different Excess Energies

In STP theory, empty space consists of the background of STP’s, synchronously-oscillating at the particle frequency, FP.  Gravity consists of perturbations of that background, produced by the excess energy of the universe.  Any STP containing a small quantity, ∆E, of excess energy is oscillating at frequency FP+∆F, where ∆F is the beat frequency between the background frequency, FP, and the higher frequency, FP+∆F, of an STP with energy EP+∆E.  The perturbations (which are gravity) are beat-frequency perturbations (BFP’s).  The background energy (the “dark energy”) inside and outside the universe is perpetually oscillating at the background frequency FP.  This background energy is many trillions of trillions of times greater than the excess energy of the universe.

Each BFP is a slight momentary perturbation of the background, generated by any quantity ∆E of excess energy as it goes in and out of phase with the background at its beat frequency ∆F.  Each BFP is a spherical wave traveling radially outward from the location at which it was generated by its ∆E, but it carries no energy away from that ∆E.  Gravitational effects in any region of space are a function of the BFP Density(BFPD) and the BFP Density Gradient (BFPDG) in that region.  In particular, the acceleration of mass and the bending of photon paths in a G-field are both functions of the gradient, BFPDG.

The total BFPD in any given region, at any given time, is the sum total of all the BFP’s arriving at that region, at that given time, from all the ∆E’s of the universe.  The BFPD contribution from any given ∆E is directly proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to distance.  So the BFPD contribution to any given region of space, from any given ∆E, is directly proportional to what the beat-frequency ∆F of the given ∆E was, and inversely proportional to what the distance was (between the given ∆E and the given region) at the time those BFP’s were generated by that ∆E.

Such phenomena as the acceleration of mass, the bending of photon paths, the shortening of photon wavelength, and the slowing of clock rates are all the result of the way the BFPD affects the paths of neutrinos.  With zero BFPD, neutrinos always travel in a straight line, at the maximum possible velocity, the velocity of STP-to-STP energy transfer, the particle energy transfer velocity, VP.  But when the path of a neutrino goes through the surface of a BFP, that neutrino path is momentarily diverted from the straight line, producing a little zig-zag in that path.

Fig. 3.  Effect of Gravity (BFPD) on Path of a Neutrino

Every little BFP zig-zag increases the total distance the neutrino must travel to go from point A to point B, thereby increasing the time to get from A to B.  This reduces the macroscopic velocity of the trip even though the sub-sub-microscopic velocity was the same VP along the entire path.  The higher the BFPD, the more zig-zags in the path, and the longer it takes for the neutrino to go from A to B.

The absolute time interval, TB, between successive BFP emissions is the reciprocal of the beat frequency, so TB=1/∆F.  Between successive BFP emissions, the neutrino undergoes a number of STP-to-STP transfers equal to TB/TP, or F/∆F, so the BFP travels a sub-sub-microscopic distance equal to the number of transfers multiplied by the distance per transfer, LP.  The time interval TB (between BFP emissions from the neutrino) is not changed by the BFPD, but the path deflections produced by the BPFD reduce the forward velocity of the neutrino and reduce the macroscopic distance, LB, the neutrino travels between successive BFP emissions.

As the BFPD goes higher and higher, the deflections become more and more frequent, eventually reaching the point where the + and – components of the neutrino can no longer hold together.  This is the “Black Hole BFPD”, “BFPDBH”, or “Black Hole Gravitational-Field”, “GBH”.  At this density (field strength) all mass, photons, neutrinos, etc. come apart and become dark-matter particles (DMP’s) inside the black hole.  They have only random motion, no directed motion like that of a neutrino, and no response to a G-field other than possibly a slow movement toward the region of lower, rather than higher, G-field.

A DMP may even go out through the surface and escape the black hole.  But on its way out, it may connect to another DMP, become a neutrino, and be pulled right back in.  The surface of a black hole may well be an equilibrium situation with DMP’s repeatedly going out, becoming a neutrino by being trapped on another DMP, and then being pulled back in.  Very low-energy DMP’s may have energy too low to supply the force needed to hold a neutrino together, and may escape without being captured.  Could this be the black-hole evaporation proposed by Hawking?  Could such black-hole escapees form the galactic clouds of dark matter?

  Fig. 4.  Surface of a Black Hole

Just how are DMP’s affected by the G-field, by the BPFD?  Neutrinos and everything made of them is always accelerated in a BFPD gradient in the direction toward the higher BFPD, because the neutrino is always moving from one STP to another at velocity VP, one LPdistance every TP unit of time.  The movement toward the higher BFPD is a direct result of the portion of the neutrino in the higher BFPD moving more slowly than the portion in the lower BFPD, even though all portions have made the same number of STP-to-STP transfers.  This slower movement of the portion in the higher BFPD is a result of more deflections from the straight-line path.  By its very nature, the neutrino must keep moving (one STP-to-STP transfer every TP time period) in order to keep its leading edge always on an STP which is in its compressed (high-energy) state.  Or in the case of an antineutrino, to keep its leading edge always on an STP which is in its expanded (low-energy) state.

But a DMP is not moving.  It is a ∆E sitting on an STP with its energy going up and down at only the slightly higher ∆F rate than its neighbors, repeatedly sending that difference out a distance LB and then back to that same STP starting point in a beat-frequency time period, TB.  A sufficiently high BFPD gradient may move that DMP to an adjacent STP, but the movement is extremely slow compared to the movement of a neutrino.  The DMP movement is something like one STP-to-STP movement every TB time period, instead of the neutrino movement of one STP-to-STP movement every TP time period.

Fig. 5.  Effect of Gravity on Photons

Photon wavelengths are decreased as the BFPD is increased because the photon is composed of a neutrino and antineutrino linked together.  Since the neutrino and antineutrino are both slowed by a higher BFPD, the result is a shorter distance traveled during each photon oscillation.  Relativity theory says that the frequency and energy of a photon are decreased by an increased G-field because relativity uses the dilated unit of time to measure frequency and energy.  But if measured by an absolute unit of time, photon frequency and energy remain constant, unaffected by the G-field, even though the wavelength really is shortened by the higher G-field.

Relativity theory says the bending of photon paths by a G-field results from a “curvature of space” with no description of the mechanism.  In the STP model, photon paths are straight if they go through a uniform BFPD, but are bent if there is a gradient in the BFPD.  The path is bent by a gradient because the neutrino and antineutrino energies extend out around the path.  The slower speed on the higher-BFPD side, caused by the greater number of zig-zags in the higher BFPD, bends the path in the direction toward the higher BFPD.

Relativity theory uses the “impossible-to-understand” mathematical concepts of “negative gravitational potential energy” and “curvature of space” to explain the acceleration of mass in a G-field, and to explain the loss of some of the ability of that mass to produce gravity after it has fallen and stopped in that G-field.  In the STP model, the downward acceleration of mass in a G-field is the result of the same slowing of macroscopic velocity of the neutrino which causes the wavelength-shortening and path-bending of the photon.

Fig. 6.  Effect of BFPD Gradient on Photons and on Mass

In the STP model, every particle of mass consists of neutrinos and antineutrinos circulating on fixed-size orbits, with an electric charge or charges.  Wherever there is a higher BFPD, the neutrinos move (macroscopically) more slowly.  The size of the orbits which the neutrinos must follow is fixed by the electric charge of that mass particle, and is unaffected by the BFPD.  Each neutrino is following some particular orbit, and is generating its own BFP’s as it travels that orbit.  An orbit is stable only if its BFP’s are emitted from the same spot each time around.  When there is a BFPD gradient, the neutrino is traveling more slowly along part of its orbit, resulting in a would-be change in location of successive BFP’s.  This produces the gravitational force felt if that mass is prevented from falling in the G-field.

If the mass is allowed to fall, the orbit dimensions (fixed by the electric charge) remain constant but the neutrino path is shortened, so it does not get all the way around before the next BFP emission.  The total energy of that mass remains constant as it falls, but part of that energy is converted to neutrino-antineutrino energy, which is kinetic energy, and is the equivalent of a photon circulating with the neutrino.  If that mass is then stopped after it has fallen, the kinetic energy becomes thermal energy and is radiated away.  That stopped mass then sits there with a neutrino now circulating in the same size orbit as before it had fallen.  But in the higher BFPD down there, a neutrino with the same original unchanged wavelength is moving slower, has lower energy, and emits BFP’s less frequently than it did up above.

Fig, 7.  Electron in Low and High Gravitational Fields.  High Field (High BFPD) reduces Rest Mass-Energy, thereby reducing Frequency of BFP emissions (when Mass and Frequency are measured by a Fixed Unit of Time rather than by the Dilated Unit of Time, i.e. measured by a Unit of Time which is Independent of Gravity).

The neutrino is the E of the E=mc2 of the mass, m.  The E and the m are both smaller down deep in a high G-field (when measured by a constant unit of time) so down there, any given particle of mass is producing less gravity than that same particle did when up above.  This difference in the amount of gravity produced by the same body inside and outside a G-field is a fact of the universe, which must be accounted for by whatever “Theory of Everything” one is using.  Relativity explains this fact through the use of “negative gravitational potential energy” and “dilated time” to make the rest-mass of a body appear to be unchanged by the G-field.  But when measured by a constant unit of time, there is a reduced rest mass down there, and the reduction in gravity produced down there is a direct result of the reduction in rest mass.